Cigarette Pesticides & Human Health
Current Journal Research

Copyright © 1997 by Bill Drake
All Rights Reserved

This file was last modified on February 27, 2002

Just in case you're thinking that it's a bit extreme to suggest that pesticides alone are enough to explain and therefore allow straightforward regulatory prevention of much if not all of the disease and death attributed to cigarettes, snuff, and other tobacco industry products, here are a few references to what I find to be a persuasive journal literature.

This bibliography represents a 1997 deep search of world scientific and medical journal literature, both online and in libraries, for research articles covering BOTH:

Most of the evidence in this area is inferential since, oddly, there seems to be almost no funded research linking pesticides in tobacco industry products with tobacco product-related disease and death. However, I hope there's enough evidence here for anyone who wants to consider whether the pesticide residues known to be in cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, snuff, and chewing tobacco are a major preventable cause of tobacco product-related disease and death.

Please contribute new research citations, as well as your comments on these citations, to bdrake@ktc.com

Table Of Contents

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USE THIS SHORT TOPIC LIST TO NAVIGATE THE TABLE OF CONTENTS

  1. Tobacco Product Pesticides And Human Breasts, Brains, Babies & Testicles
  2. Tobacco Product Pesticides And Genes, Organs, & DNA
  3. Tobacco Product Pesticides And Occupation, Activity, & Disease
  4. Tobacco Product Pesticides And Rats, Mice, & Mammals
  5. Tobacco Product Pesticides And Bugs, Birds, & Other Living Things
  6. Tobacco Product Pesticides And Tobacco Products
  7. Tobacco Pesticides& Tobacco Industry Processes
  8. Tobacco Pesticide & Product Miscellany
  9. New Listings - still uncategorized

Pesticides And Human Breasts, Brains, Babies & Testicles

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Return To SHORT TOPIC list.

Pesticides And Genes, Organs, & DNA

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Return To SHORT TOPIC list.

Pesticides And Occupation, Activity, & Disease

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Return To SHORT TOPIC list.

Pesticides And Rats, Mice, & Mammals

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Return To SHORT TOPIC list.

Pesticides And Bugs, Birds, & Other Living Things

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Return To SHORT TOPIC list.

Pesticides And Tobacco, Cigarettes & Snuff

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Return To SHORT TOPIC list.

Tobacco Pesticides, Products & Processes

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Return To SHORT TOPIC list.

Tobacco Strange But True

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New Additions Since January 15, 1997

Please note: Every month or so we'll be adding new resources to this bibliography. Each time we do, the materials in this NEW ADDITIONS SECTION will be put into the appropriate main index categories. I hope that regular visitors will find this approach useful.

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Novel Estrogenic Action Of The Pesticide Residue Beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane In Human Breast Cancer Cells

Cancer Research
December 1996, v56 n23, p.5403

While I've yet to find any recent assays, the evidence from at least the early 1980s is clear, that tobacco was being brought into the US from countries where BHC-Lindane was used on tobacco crops and made into cigarettes and other products. An assay of 1997 U.S. commercial market cigarettes, cigars and snuff would quickly determine whether or not American women smokers, and the daughters and grandaughters of smokers, need to be concerned about BHC-Lindane in the smoke they inhale.

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Aqueous Extracts Of Cigarette Tar Containing The Free Radical Cause DNA Nicks In Mammalian Cells

Environmental Health Perspectives: EHP
December 1994, v102 supp:10, p.173

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Testicular Cancer In Pesticide Applicators In Swedish Agriculture

Scandinavian Journal Of Work, Environment & Healing
February 1996 v22 n1, p.66

Guys who work regularly with agricultural pesticides get cancer of the testicles. Guys who smoke cigarettes, dip snuff, and chew tobacco are exposed regularly to many of the same pesticides. The dosage is smaller, but the exposure is chronic. Smokers, dippers, and chewers appear to suffer higher rates of testicular cancer than non-smokers. Hmmmm.

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Uptake Of Organochlorine Pesticides By Solvent-Filled Cellulose And Polyethylene Membranes

Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety
November 1996, v35 n2, p. 150

What's interesting to me about this piece of environmental research is that they found that cellulose fibers saturated with solvents like benzene and toluene soak up pesticides from environmental spills of toxic chemicals. Now, let's put that together with the patent literature and cigarette industry research which says that the industry uses benzene and toluene to carry additives and flavorings into the inert alpha-cellulose they use to make synthetic smoking materials, and that they have a hard time removing all of it. Now let's put that reseach together with research that shows us that this cellulosic material is commonly used in cigarette manufacturing to make reconstituted tobacco sheet, by being mixed ground up tobacco waste, stems and stalks, which are contaminated with a wide range of pesticides.

Doesn't it make sense that the solvent residues in the alpha cellulose and the pesticide residues in the tobacco waste react with each other - especially when they're combined by dry distillation when the smoker lights up?

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Pesticide Appliers with Mixed Pesticide Exposure:
G-banded Analysis and Possible Relationship to Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
January, 1996 v5 n1, p.11

Mixed-pesticide exposure appears to create significantly greater disease potential than single-pesticide exposure.

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Pesticide Residues And Breast Cancer?

Journal of the National Cancer Institute: JNCI
April, 1994 v 86 n 8, p.572

The only problem I have with this research is the question mark in the title. However, the discussion is right on target for women who smoke, once pesticide residues in tobacco products are accounted for in the investigation of environmental sources of carcinogens.

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Cigarette Tar Promotes Neutrophil-Induced DNA Damage In Cultured Lung Cells

Environmental Research
February 1994, v64 n2, p. 103

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Cancer mortality in a Cohort of Rural Licensed Pesticide Users in the Province of Rome

International Journal Of Epidemiology
August 1993 v 22 n 4, p.57

This research finds that yes, it's true - farmers who work with pesticides regularly have greater risk of cancer and other nasty diseases than those who are exposed irregularly. A number of the same pesticides cited in this study are also present as contaminants in cigarettes and other tobacco industry products. While smokers and chewers can't actually be said to "work with" these pesticides, their regular low-level exposure is similar enough to at least raise questions - don't you think?

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Pesticide Residues and Breast Cancer:
The Harvest of a Silent Spring

Journal of the National Cancer Institute: JNCI
April 1993 v85 n8, p.598

Just in case there is a question about why women who smoke should wake up and demand a pure, natural product, here's the core research. The researchers also emphasize the time-span for the appearance of the consequences of pesticide exposure. The young women enjoying their cigars in trendy cigar-friendly bars in 1997 aren't unlike their sisters in the sixties and 70s, urged to celebrate political liberation by smoking brands made just for them. The only difference is that many of the smokin sisters of the sixties now have breast cancer, and while the connection between smoking and breast cancer is known, nobody seems able to explain how the link functions. Pesticides, folks. At least for now, forget the tobacco, and focus on the pesticides. Oh, and the solvents, etc.

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Family Pesticide Use and Childhood Brain Cancer

Archives Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
January 1993 v 24 n 1, p. 87

The levels of exposure to several pesticides used in household products like pet collars and roach poisons, all of which are also present in cigarette smoke, are examined for their association with children's brain cancer. Bingo - there's a strong association in exposure to household products. We don't yet know about pesticides in smoke and child brain cancer but doesn't it seem likely?

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Pesticide Exposures and other Agricultural Risk Factors for Leukemia Among Men in Iowa and Minnesota

Cancer Research
October 1990 v 50 n 20, p.6585

Iowa and Minnesota farmers are among the best-educated, most careful people in American agriculture. They tend to read the label, and not to over-apply. They still get Leukemia and other cancers at a much higher than normal rate. Just a little pesticide exposure, if regular enough, seems to be all it takes.

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Is Pesticide Use Related to the Risk of Primary Lung Cancer in Saskatchewan?

Journal Of Occupational Medicine
October 1990 v32 n10, p.1003

Evidently, yes.

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Hemoglobin Adducts Of Aromatic Amines:
Scientific Challenges in Environmental Carcinogenesis

Preventive Medicine
January 1996 v 25 n 1, p.14

Exactly how does this stuff cause cancer? We know it does, we just don't know how. And until we can say for sure how it does the dirty work, the manufacturers can keep on making and selling it because - innocent until proven guilty. So, let's find the proof. That's what this site is all about - maybe you'll get interested, follow up on one of these pieces of original research, and hit on something which you'll be in a position to make work.

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Induction of a Mixed Ductal-Squamous-Islet Cell Carcinoma in a Rat Treated with a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen

The American Journal Of Pathology
March 1989 vl34 n3, p. 627

It's not just the pesticides- any burning organic material can produce hazardous fumes and substances. here's a good example.

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Transplacental Genotoxicity Of A Tobacco-Specific Nu-Nitrosamine, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone, In Syrian Golden Hamster

Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis
May 1989 v 223 n 1, p. 65

The combustion byproducts of cigarette pesticides cross placental walls with ease to act on the genetic materials of the newborn. I am not an organic chemist, but couldn't this be a pesticide combustion byproduct?

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Tobacco Smoke-Induced Clastogenicity In Mouse Fetuses And In Newborn Mice

Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis
May 1989 v 223 n 1, p.1

An example of research which doesn't differentiate between cigarette smoke and tobacco smoke, but which assigns significant health effects to either/both/whichever.

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Evaluation of the Transplacental Tumorigenicity of the Tobacco-specific Carcinogen
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in Mice

Cancer Research
July 1989 v 49 n 14, p. 3770

It causes cancer in the unborn.

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Five Leading US Commercial Brands of Moist Snuff in 1994:
Assessment of Carcinogenic N-Nitrosamines

Journal of the National Cancer Institute: JNCI
December 1995 v 87 n 24, p. 1862

Here's more great research from the only US scientist who has been steadily working away at this killer industry for over 20 years. In this work he focuses on the basic issue of nitrosoamines in wet snuff; his previous work has concentrated on the role of Maleic Hydrazide in oral cavity cancers among snuff dippers. Same set of problems - different perspectives.

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The Chlorinated Pesticide Mirex Is a Novel Nonphorbol Ester-type Tumor Promoter in Mouse Skin

Cancer Research
February 1992 v 52 n 3, p. 631

Remember class- a chemical doesn't have to cause tumors in order to be able to promote tumors. Mirex is a nice, nasty little example. Don't get it on your skin, or your lips.

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Serum 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Levels of New Zealand Pesticide Applicators and Their Implication for Cancer Hypotheses

Journal of the National Cancer Institute: JNCI
January 1992 v84 n2, p.104

There's no two ways about it - dioxins will give you problems, whether you get them on you because of your job, or you get them in you because you smoke cigarettes made with dioxin-contaminated industrial waste, like from the paper and pulp industry, for example.

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Phosphine Resistance in the Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) and Overcoming Control Failures During Fumigation of Stored Tobacco

International Journal Of Pest Management
April 1994 v40 n2, p. 207

Those darn beetles - even when we throw phosphine at them, one of the most powerful nerve agents in existence, they just burrow into those piles of tobacco and keep right on eating and breeding. We've got to find a better way, something more powerful to gas them with.

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Assessment of Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Cigarette Tobacco Based on Supercritical Fluid Extraction and GC-ECD (Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection)

Carcinogenesis
November 1995 v 16 n 1, p. 2627

These scientists are reporting on the performance of some new technology, and just incidentally happen to be testing it on the kinds of cigarettes which you either smoke, or are exposed to every day.

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Benzo[alpha]pyrene, Cigarette Smoke or Cigarette Smoke Condensate

Chemico-Biological Interactions
1989 v70 n1/2, p.51

In 1996 scientists finally reported that they had proven that benzo[a]pyrene causes mutations at the p53 site, but the concern over BAP goes way back. Here are some earlier research concerns. This trail goes back into the 1960's.

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p53 Protein Accumulation in Lung Carcinomas of Patients Exposed to Asbestos and Tobacco Smoke

American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care
August 1994 vl50 n2, p. 528

More work around the role of tobacco(sic) smoke and mutations at site p53.

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Dioxins in Cigarette Smoke

Archives Of Environmental Health
May 1989 v 44 n 3, p.171

Yep, they're there. Big time.

And, while the authors don't go into this detail, in cigarette manufacturing reconstituted tobacco is frequently blended with synthetic smoking materials manufactured from alpha cellulose obtained principally from pulp/paper industry waste. Pulp/paper industry waste is an established environmental source of dioxins, and these dioxins cannot be removed from this waste. They certainly aren't removed when the cigarette industry uses the waste to make cellulosic materials for synthetic smoking blends. So there you have at least one source of dioxins in cigarette smoke.

Phytosanitary Regulation and Agricultural Trade Flows:
Tobacco Inputs and Cigarette Outputs

Agricultural And Resource Economics Review
October l995 v24 n2, p. 221

Millions of pounds of tobacco scrap and waste in; billions of cigarettes out. This seems simple enough.

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Determination of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke by High-performance Liquid Chromatography

Analyst
March 1989 vll4 n3

At least some of these carcinogenic smokestream components are coming from the dry distillation of organochlorine, organophosphorous, and carbamate insecticides on the cigarette tobacco components. Shouldn't truth in advertising at least mention these extra goodies?

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Organ Specificity of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction by Cigarette Smoke

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
June 1990 v44 n6, p. 940

Many of the cigarette pesticides induce biological activity at organ-specific sites.

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Quantitative Determination of Selected Compounds in a Kentucky 1R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography and Selected Ion Monitoring-Mass Spectrometry

Journal Of Chromatographic Science
August 1990 v 28 n 8, p. 393

One of the rare literature references to the fact that scientists routinely use laboratory-grown, pesticide free University of Kentucky standard cigarettes in testing instead of off-the-shelf cigarettes, thereby inadvertently masking the reality of pesticide contribution to the xenobiotic potential of commercial cigarettes.

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Detection of Carcinogenic Glutamic Acid Pyrolysis Products in Cigarette Smoke Condensate

Carcinogenesis
June 1990 v l l n 6, p. 1001

Whether you're burning or dry-distilling naturally occurring compounds or manmade compounds such as pesticides, cigarette smoke condensate is the product of dangerous parents and even more complex and dangerous daughter compounds in the smokestream.

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Tobacco Smoke Chemistry. 2. Alkyl and Alkenyl Substituted Guaiacols Found in Cigarette Smoke Condensate

Acta chemica Scandinavica
January 1989 v43 n 1, p. 44

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Pyrolysis Zone Structure of allene, 1,3 Butadiene and Benzene Smoke Point Diffusion Flames

Combustion Science And Technology
1992 v 85 n 1/6, p. 283

When the tobacco industry's own patent literature discusses the difficulty of removing solvents and specifically mentions benzene, and when studies such as this point to what happens to benzene under pyrolysis, then where's the confusion over why cigarette smoke is carcinogenic?

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The Introduction of Alternative Biomass Crops in Europe

Agricultural Engineering
April 1990 v 71 n 2, p. 7

Some kind of biomass alternative is clearly needed, and most of the core sources of biomass appear to have been investigated. Except tobacco.

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Welfare Losses Under Alternative Oligopoly Regimes:
The U.S. Food and Tobacco Manufacturing Industries

Journal Of Agricultural And Applied Economics
December 1995 v27 n2, p. 577

This is solid analysis as well as socialist economics, and it contains an excellent description of the nature and operation of these two inter-connected industries which most people do not think of as related.

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Evaluation of Tobacco Leaf Protein Concentrate as a Supplement in Broiler Diets

Nutrition Reports International
March 1989 v39 n3, p. 649

Tobacco makes good chicken feed, like I'm saying.

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Characterization of Tobacco Lignin Preparations by Curie-Point Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry and Curie-Point Pyrolysis-High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Journal Of Analytical And Applied Pyrolysis
March 1989 v 15, p. 97

This research contains as a sidebar the necessary data to evaluate my statement that tobacco is a very low lignin-encasement biomass resource.

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Biomethanation of Tobacco Waste

Environmental Pollution
1995 v90 n2

These Indian scientists are on the right track - turning tobacco waste into methane gas. Once they realize that they can produce 400 metric tons of biomass tobacco per acre at under $5US/Ton in most of India they'll be on their way to sub-continent energy independence.

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Recovery of Nicotine and non-Volatile Organic Acids from Turkish Tobacco Waste

Journal Of Chemical Engineering Of Japan
December 1995 v28 n6, p. 841

Some useful research to illustrate the point that tobacco is a rich source of organic materials.

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Effect of Tobacco Smoking on the Presence of Asbestosis at Postmortem and on the Reading of Irregular Opacities on Roentgenograms in Asbestos-exposed Workers

The American Review Of Respiratory Disease
November 1988 vl38 n5, p. 1207

It's not smart to smoke and work around asbestos - which it's difficult to avoid, since the clays used to treat many cigarette papers donate asbestos fibers to the cigarette smokestream. In fact, the Brown & Williamson papers reveal that the industry studied the effects of dual exposure to asbestos and benz[a[pyrene in cigarette smoke on mice lungs and - well, you finish the sentence.

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A Study Of The Synergistic Interaction Of Asbestos Fibers With Cigarette Tar Extracts For The Generation Of Hydroxyl Radicals In An Aqueous Buffer Solution

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
Summer 1996 v20 n6, p.853

Since asbestos is a class of mineral fibers there's no single thing called asbestos - it's anything mineral and fiber-like, including many of the components used over the years to produce cigarette filters and to moderate the burn rate of cigarette papers. This means that the smoke components which deposit within the filter and inside the smokers mouth interact with any asbestos fibers that are present to create conditions favorable for development of cancer.

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Generic Tobacco Use among Four Ethnic Groups in a School Age Population

Journal Of Drug Education
1989 v 9 n3, p, 257

Let's see. So, use of generic brands of cigarettes is related to status needs and economic level. So the cheaper the cigarettes the poorer the people who smoke them. Since we know we're dealing with an industry which shaves tenths-of-pennies off of every cost possible - we know the cheapest possible materials are going to be in those cheap cigarettes. And knowing what you know about industry practices from elsewhere at this site, how likely do you think it is that these cheap cigarettes are made from imported waste and scrap, and are more heavily contaminated with pesticide residues, solvent residues, and unregulated chemical additives than the more expensive brands, made at least partly from imported stems and leaves?

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Associations with Smoking Status and Type of Tobacco

Proceedings
December 1988 v85 n24, p. 9788

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The Contribution of Low Tar Cigarettes to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Journal Of Analytical Toxicology
May 1989 v 13 n 3, p, 129

Low-tar cigarettes contribute higher proportions of gas and volatilized substances than do regular cigarettes, at least in part due to the higher burning temperatures created by the structure of the cigarette and by pyrolytic agents.

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The Effective Number of Cigarettes Inhaled Daily by Passive Smokers:
Are Epidemiologic and Dosimetric Estimates Consistent?

Journal Of Hazardous Materials
May 1989 v21 n3, p, 215

Just how many cigarettes does that baby smoke a day anyway?

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Tobacco, Alcohol, Asbestos, and Occupational Risk Factors for Laryngeal Cancer

Cancer
May 1992 v69 n9, p, 2244

What this study is actually looking at is the ingestion of tobacco smoke contaminated with pesticide residues as a risk factor, but the researchers just go ahead and assume that they're looking at the effects of tobacco itself. It makes for an interesting read when you realize that these researchers and are no different than thousands of their colleagues worldwide - well educated, sophisticated, and just slightly blind in a critical spot, due to no fault of their own.

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Nicotine Analysis of Commercial Tobacco Products

Journal - Association Of Official Analytical Chemists
November 1988 v71 n6, p. 1110

A simple discussion of the complex process by which nicotine is analyzed in commercial cigarettes.

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Gender Differences in Tobacco Use in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America

Social Science & Medicine
1988 v 27 n 11, p. 1269

Men use cigarettes more than women but as economic levels rise and younger peoiple smoke in larger numbers girls are giving boys a run for their money. Rapidly dividing cells are the prime target of the Generation 3 pesticides like Dieldrin and Carbaryl, as well as faves of long-time cigarette contaminants like Dimethoate and Disulfoton. Girls of the world needn't fear - there will be plenty of smoke to go around.

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The Import of Foreign Cigarettes:
Political Decision for Thailand

Business Review
August 15 1989 v 17 n 227, p. 10

It's really a dilemma for a government - who should get the most benefit from thinning out thepopulation by 20-30% over the next 50 years - foreign companies or our own homegrown industry. It is amazing that so far in world history not a single government has considered the economic benefit of becoming the first country to produce a 100% guaranteed organic tobacco crop and to produce value-added product based on that claim. First one in gets the biggest share of the market.

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Multi-element Measurements in Mexican Cigarette Tobacco

Journal Of Radioanalytical And Nuclear Chemistry
May 1995 v200 n2, p. 137

Just in case you thought nobody was watching markets outside the US, here's a good example.

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Trace Element Characteristics of Indian Cigarette Tobacco by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

Journal Of Radiobiological And Nuclear Chemistry
August 1995 v195 n1, p.161

Indian cigarette tobaccos show a fascinating range of lethal substances, not all of which are investigated in this rather industrial bit of research.

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Human Pollution by Chlordane and Physical Condition of Subjects

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
December l995 v55 n6 p. 840

A detailed account of the diverse sites and modes of action of Chlordane within human tissues - hence the authors' choice of "human pollution" to describe their findings.

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Accumulation of Chlordanes in Adipose Tissues of Mice Caused by Long-Term Exposure of Low Level Technical Chlordane

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
December 1996 v57 n6 p. 909

When we talk about how the human body stores highly toxic substances in fat tissues, this is the kind of research we rely on to reinforce the connection.

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Effect Of Ascorbic Acid In The Detoxification Of The Insecticide Dimethoate In The Bone Marrow Erythrocytes Of Mice

Food And Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal
June 1993 v31 n6 p. 435

Another example of the benefits of mega-dosages of Vitamin C, in this case with measurable success in reducing the supertoxic effects of dimethoate.

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Mixtures Of Benomyl, Pirimiphos-Methyl, Dimethoate, Diazinon And Azinphos-Methyl Affect Protein Synthesis In HL-60 Cells Differently

Toxicology
1994 v94 n1/3 p. 173

Pesticide residues consumed by smoking cigarettes and using other so-called tobacco products expose users to mixtures of effects similar to those described in this article - such mixtures frequently potentiate individual effects as well as producing combined effects.

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Changes of Some Serum Parameters and Amino Acids Content in Rats after Chronic Sublethal Doses of Dimethoate

Archives Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
August 1994 v27 n2 p. 256

Chronic sublethal exposure is toxic to the basic building blocks of muscle and nerve tissues, the amino acids.

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EEG Changes Caused by Dimethoate Treatment in Three Generations of Rats

Neurotoxicology
Fall 1994v 15 n3 p. 731

The offspring of exposed animals are more succeptible to the cardiotoxic effects of the pesticide, and the "grandchildren" even are more sensitive. This implies that while grandpa might not get real sick from smoking pesticide-contaminated cigarettes, his kids will very likely get sick, and their kids will probably drop like flies if the whole family smokes.

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Changes of Brain Evoked Potentials Caused by Dimethoate Treatment in Three Generations of Rats

Neurotoxicology
Fall 1994 v 15 n 3 p. 741

Succeptibility to the impact of pesticides on the brain get more severe as generations of exposure increase in a family.

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Immunotoxicity Study Of Repeated Small Doses Of Dimethoate And Methylparathion Administered To Rats Over Three Generations

Human & Experimental Toxicology November
1995 v 14 n 11 p. 879

All it takes is repeated small doses, like you would get in smoking a pack or so of cigarettes a day, to implant the effects of these chemicals into your family tree for multiple generations.

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The Effect of Dimethoate on Bone Marrow Cell Chromosomes of Rats in Subchronic Four-Generation Experiments

Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety
March 1996 v33 n2 p. 103

Is this litany getting boring? Good. Are you convinced yet that very small doses of pesticides found in cigarettes can set up at least four generations of complex toxic effects on the hearts, brains, and immune systems of animals?

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Short Term Toxicity Effect of Dimethoate on Transthylakoid pH Gradient of Intact Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Cells

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
November 1996 v57 n5 p. 722

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Differential Effects of Tar Content, Type of Tobacco and Use of a Filter on Lung Cancer Risk in Male Cigarette Smokers

International Journal Of Epidemiology
June 1994 v23 n3 p. 437

This is a good example of first-rate research that examines the "tar" without breaking out pesticide residue byproducts separately.

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Blocking Cigarette Filter Vents With Lips More Than Doubles Carbon Monoxide Intake From Ultra-Low Tar Cigarettes

Experimental And Clinical Psychopharmacology
November 1996 v4 n4 p. 404

I can't help but think of all those fashionable folks getting lip injections to make their lips more full and sexy, and of course if they smoke they smoke the long, thin, filtered kind of cigarette. That's one side of the issue. The other side is, of course, that people of different races and different body types also have differences in the fullness of their lips. This inherited factor alone determines whether an individual is at increased risk - a fact well-known to the industry but not revealed to the smoker.

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The Volatile Oil Composition of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis sativa

Journal Of Natural Products
January 1996 v89 n1 p. 49

Just in case some genius wants to make a fortune coming up with a spray to resuscitate dried Marijuana buds to their original citrus/skunk aroma - here's the chemistry.

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Gender-Specific Effects of Prenatal Chlordane Exposure on Myeloid Cell Development

Fundamental And Applied Toxicology
August 1994 v 23 n 2 p. 188

Little fetal boys and girls are affected differently by the supertoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic insecticide Chlordane.

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Hepatocarcinogenicity Of Chlordane In B6C3F 1 And B6D2F 1 Male Mice: Evidence For Regression In B6C3F 1 Mice And Carcinogenesis Independent Of Ras Proto-Oncogene Activation

Carcinogenesis
November 1995 v16 n11 p. 2617

Chlordane is a lot like the waskaly wabbit - it keeps finding imaginative ways to pop up and wiggle its ears at you.

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Assessment of p53 And Ki-67 Expression In Snuff-Induced Lesions

The British Journal Of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
October 1996 v34 n5 p. 409

It's not just cigarettes that produce cancers. Since snuff is almost always made from parts of the tobacco plant that receive the bulk of translocated systemic insecticides, especially the stems and stalks, it's no wonder that the pesticides in these plant parts act on the mouth and throat of the dipper/chewer. Here's part of the trail of evidence.

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A Novel Metabolite of Maleic Hydrazide in the Tobacco Plant

Bioscience, Biotechnology, And Biochemistry
September 1995 v59 n9 p. 1753

MH is used to chemically remove the secondary growth, or suckers from tobacco in order to preserve the value of the primary leaves. Because suckering tobacco was/is the #1 expense in producing a crop the economic incentive to use MH even in low-wage countries is irresistable - especially when there's no restriction on its use. However, the tobacco plant is one of the world's most versatile beings, and what it does with MH is, evidently, to metabolize it in novel ways. Dr. Dietrich Hoffman ha already demonstrated that MH is an oral cavity carcinogen on moist snuff - I wonder what some of its metabolites might be doing to throats around the world?

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Genotoxicity Of The Herbicides Alachlor And Maleic Hydrazide In Cultured Human Lymphocytes

Mutagenesis
May 1996 v11 n3 p. 221

Genotoxicity is an interesting word - toxic at the level of genes, or toxic to DNA. Since there is some debate over whether DNA evolves to support living beings, or living beings evolve to support DNA, it might be worth paying attention to the genotoxic activities of this most common contaminant of tobacco in tobacco products.

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Asbestos-Associated Diseases in a Cohort of Cigarette-Filter Workers

New England Journal Medicine
November 1989 v321 n18 p. 1220

Most folks don't know that asbestos isn't a single mineral, like iron, or calcium. Asbestos is more like a class of substances which can be described as mineral fibers, a group including many forms of naturally occurring rocks like talc. Workers in factories manufacturing cigarette filters from both natural mineral fibers and manmade fibers with similar properties were found to develop asbestos-associated diseases at a higher rate than those not exposed occupationally. Funny thing about those filtered cigarettes - you never think about what the filter itself may be sending into your lungs.

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Groundwater Pesticides: Interaction Effects Of Low Concentrations Of Carbamates Aldicarb And Methomyl And Triazine Metribuzin On Thyroxine And Somatotropin Levels In White Rats

Journal Of Toxicology And Environmental Health
September 1993 v 40 n 1 p. 15

Low level chronic exposure to the MIXTURE is what this research looks at, and the findings are consistent with the idea that mixtures of these pesticides are not merely additive in their effects, but that combinations of pesticides even at very low levels have novel and enhanced effects.

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Genotoxic Effects of the Carbamate Insecticide Methomyl, I, In Vitro Studies With Pure Compound and the Technical Formulation "Lannate 25"

Environmental And Molecular Mutagenesis
1994 v23 n4 p. 306

There's that word - genotoxic - again. Methomyl is a Carbamate insecticide, the third generation of chemicals developed in response to immunity to generation One Organochlorine poisons, and generation Two organophosphorous baby killers. Generation Three chemicals go after the genetic basis for life - hence, genotoxins.

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Targeting The Maize Turf-13 Product Into Tobacco Mitochondria Confers Methomyl Sensitivity To Mitochondrial Respiration

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
February 1995 v 92 n 4 1167

Methomyl sensitivity is good because it makes the application of the costly chemical more effective. Whether methomyl sensitivity is conferred to people who smoke the tobacco treated with this process is unmentioned and, probably, unknown.

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The Analysis Of Methomyl, A Carbamate Pesticide, In Post-Mortem Samples

Science & Justice
January 1996 v36 nl p. 41

Seems that Methomyl is quite easy to detect in a variety of human tissues, where it reposes rather than being excreted, working away on the genetic materials of its host, no doubt, as it is intended to do.

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Acute Organophosphate Poisoning After Disulfoton Ingestion

Journal Of Toxicology & Clinical Toxicology
1995 v33 n2 p. 151

Disulfoton is a very common tobacco insecticide and has been present in relatively heavy concentrations for decades. It is high on my personal list as a candidate for eventual "heaviest hitter" among the cigarette pesticides. In this case the poor subject actually drank a solution of the insecticide, with horrible results. It's probably much better to take in tiny amounts over a long period anyhow - that way the effects are drawn out and, while they're ultimately no less severe, at least they can be blamed on making the adult choice to smoke rather than on stupidly drinking the stuff straight.

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Effects of Carbaryl on the Rat's Male Reproductive System

Veterinary And Human Toxicology
October 1995 v37 n5 p. 421

It screws up the little rat testicles - badly. But then, rats don't smoke cigarettes or do snuff, so they don't have to worry unless they're in a lab where some wierd scientist is making them ingest that crap against their will.

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Analysis of Carbaryl and Carbofuran in Tobacco Samples by HRGC, HPLC, and CZE.

Journal Of High Resolution Chromatography: HRC
April 1996 v19 n4 p. 200

Wanna see what some researchers, testing out a set of detection methodologies, found in some of those cigarettes you're smoking or breathing every day on the streets?

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Cardiac Toxicity Following Short-Term Exposure to Methomyl in Spraymen and Rabbits

Human & Experimental Toxicology
March 1992 v11 n2 p. 93

Methomyl not only attacks at the genetic level - it also goes for organ systems like the heart, with all those important electro-chemical processes upon which the steady little thumper depends.

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Calculated Re-entry Interval for Table Grape Harvesters Working in California Vineyards Treated with Methomyl

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
November 1992 v 49 n 5 p. 708

Hmmm. Let's see now. This Methomyl stuff is pretty dangerous, so grape workers have to wait after a grape crop has been sprayed before they can go into the field. Grapes are made into wine raisins, and the tobacco industry produces a lot of wine and raisins. So they know about the dangers of Methomyl, and the waiting time, etc. So howcum they don't get more concerned about the Methomyl residues in their cigerette and especially their cigar products? Gee, I wish I knew.

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Carbaryl Distribution In Rabbit Tissues And Body Fluids

Veterinary and Human Toxicology
December 1992 v34 n6 p. 501

It soaks into everything in its pursuit of genetic materials - all the organs, the different tissues, the nerves, the eyes, the ovaries and testes. This Carbaryl is another generation 3 heavy hitter - there's not a bunny on the planet safe from this stuff.

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Percutaneous Absorption, Dermatopharmacokinetics And Related Bio-Transformation Studies Of Carbyl, Lindane, Malathion, And Parathion In Isolated Perfused Porcine Skin

Toxicology
1994 v91 n3 p. 269

Of all these insecticides Carbaryl gets through tough old pig skin the fastest with the mostest. Maybe that's good if you like pork rind, since it passes through the skin easily, but maybe its not so good if you like bacon or ham.

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Effects Of Carbaryl On Some Dopaminergic Behaviors In Rats

General Pharmacology
1994 v 25 n 6 p. 1263

Carbaryl really screws up the dopamine receptors in the rat brain.

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Comparative Inhibition of Rodent and Human Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase by Carbofuran and Carbaryl

Pesticide Biochemistry And Physiology
February 1994 v 48 n 2 p. 79

Both these common cigarette insecticides inhibit both rat and human acetylcholinesterase activity, which creates a cascading effect upon multiple organ systems including brain, heart, and CNS.

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Interaction of Lindane and Carbaryl on Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes in Rats

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
June 1994 v82 n6 p. 927

This research offers another example of the combinative, not additive effects of the interaction of pesticides commonly found in combination as residues in cigarettes and other tobacco industry products.

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Relationship between Parathion and Paraoxon Toxicokinetics, Lung Metabolic Activity, and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Guinea Pig and Rabbit Lungs

Toxicology And Applied Pharmacology
June 1996 vl38 n2 p. 201

As potent as Parathion is, Paraoxon is many many times more dangerous, at least in part because it acts in more comprehensive ways on heart, brain, and lung activities.

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Effects of Methyl Parathion on Reproduction in the Japanese Quail

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
December 1996 v57 n6 p. 902

Birds don't do it when Methyl Parathion is in the air or water. More precisely, birds may do it, but little birds don't happen. Not a big problem unless you're a Japanese Quail, or smoke cigarettes with Parathion residues.

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Long-Term Persistence of Dieldrin, DDT and Heptachlor Epoxide in Earthworms

Ambio
1989 v18 n8 p. 271

Bottom line - they last a long time in earthworms, in the earth, and in us.

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Aldicarb Poisoning: A Case Report With Prolonged Cholinesterase Inhibition and Improvement After Pralidoxime Therapy

Archives Of Internal Medicine
January 1994 v154 n2 p. 221

In cases of acute poisoning treatment is possible. When the poisoning is taking place through chronic sublethal exposure, it's harder to detect and basically can't be treated.

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Chronic Health Effects Among Sheep and Humans Surviving an Aldicarb Poisoning Incident

Veterinary And Human Toxicology
June 1994 v36 n3 p. 218

Neither did well.

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The Effect of Dimethoate, Dichlorvos, and Parathion-methyl on Bone Marrow Cell Chromosomes of Rats in Subchronic Experiments in Vivo

Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety
December 1994 v29 n3 p. 365

The key here is that these pesticides were administered in tiny doses to see what the chronic rather than the acute effects would be - sort of the way cigarette and cigar smokers, snuff dippers, and chewers all take in these same chemicals. And the results - bone marrow genetic materials were hit hard by all three common cigarette and tobacco product contaminants, with DNA toxicity and mutation potential created in each case.

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Penetrating Movement and Translocation of C-Parathion in Plants

The International Journal Of Environmental Studies
l995 v47 n1 p. 37

Parathion is a highly desirable insecticide because it is extremely potent and destructive to insect life upon contact when sprayed on the leaves, and then it moves quickly away from the leaf where it can cause off-taste and into the stem and the root system of the plant, where it is stored well away from the high value leaves. Of course, when those stems and roots are brought into the US for manufacturing into reconstituted tobacco for cigarettes, chewing tobacco and snuff, the parathion residues just come along for the ride, and these products are so heavily flavored that a little off-flavor from Parathion won't even be detectable.

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Toxicokinetics of Methyl Parathion in Lactating Goats

Journal Of Agricultural And Food Chemistry
June 1995 v43 n6 p. 1598

It goes straight into the mother's milk.

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Exposure of Four Filipino Farmers to Parathion-Methyl while Spraying String Beans

Pesticide Science
1996 v46 n1

Thank God they weren't spraying tobacco with that stuff!

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TCDD, Endrin And Lindane Induced Oxidative Stress In Fetal And Placental Tissues On C57BL/6J And DBA/2J Mice

Comparative Biochemistry And Physiological Pharmacology
1996 v118 nl

Guess what? These chemicals are very bad for little fetuses. They basically oxidize, or chemically burn their tissues.

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Sublethal Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Disulfoton in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Cytological Alterations in the Liver by a Potent Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor

Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety
June 1996 v34 n 1 p. 43

Boy, it's lucky fish don't smoke or chew, because it looks like the Disulfoton residues would be very hazardous to their liver function.

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Hepatic Biotransformation of Parathion: Role of Cytochrome P450 in NADPH-and NADH-Mediated Microsomal Oxidation in Vitro

Chemical Research In Toxicology
November 1994 v7 n6 p. 792

The role of the liver in protecting the organism from chemicals like Parathion includes the ability to transform the chemicals into other forms. These forms are not necessarily less toxic; sometimes they are simply more storeable.

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Cholinergenic and Noncholinergic Changes in Skeletal Muscles by Carbofuran and Methyl Parathion

Journal Of Toxicology And Environmental Health
November 1994 v 43 n 3 p. 291

These chemicals are capable of attacking relatively lowly systems like the skeletal muscles, as well as the more sophisticated systems like the brain, lung, and nerves.

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Percutaneous Absorption Of Topical Parathion Through Porcine Skin: In Vitro Studies On The Effect Of Environmental Perturbations

Journal Of Veterinary Pharmacology And Therapeutic Medicine
December 1994 v17 n6 p. 434

Shoe manufacturers know that pigskin is just about the most impervious leather in nature; Parathion can get through it pretty well. Not as well as Carbaryl, but pretty damn well. So of course getting through human tissue is no problemo.

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Effects Of Graded Doses Of The Pesticide Heptachlor On Body Weight, Mating Success, Oestrous Cycle, Gestation Length And Litter Size In Laboratory Rats

Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology
1995 v110 n2 p. 221

The more they got, the more screwed up their bodies, natural cycles, and babies became.

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Prenatal Toxicity of Heptachlor in Albino Rats

Pharmacology & Toxicology
February 1995v76n2 p. 112

It's toxic to fetal life - what's called a Xenobiotic, or a substance hostile to life itself.

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Determination Of Toxaphene In Human Milk From Nicaragua And In Fish And Marine Mammals From The Northeastern Atlantic And The North Sea

Chemosphere
1993 v27 n10 p. 1879

Toxaphene is one of those cigarette chemicals which has an affinity for the breast - it likes the fatty tissues for taking up residence, and the milk ducts provide an easy way to move throughout the tissues. It's really just a coincidence that the mother's milk flowing through these ducts picks up the Toxaphene - it's only using the ducts to move around within the fatty tissues of the breast.

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Protective Effects of Antioxidants Against Endrin-Induced Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation, DNA Damage, and Excretion of Urinary Lipid Metabolites

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
1993 v15 n2 p. 217

It's true - Vitamin C does work wonders even with Xenobiotics like Endrin. Well, maybe not wonders, but then nothing can work wonders when Endrin is involved.

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Comparative Effects Of Endrin On Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation And DNA Damage, And Nitric Oxide Production By Peritoneal Macrophages From C57BL/6J And DBA12 Mice

Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology
1993 v105 n3 p. 525

Endrin does a lot of DNA damage. Fortunately there's probably very little Endrin contamination of tobacco products these days, so most through not all of the damage is probably limited to people who smoke from the 1950's through the late 1970s - and of course their children and grandchildren.

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Induction of Differentiation in Human Myeloblastic Leukemia ML-1 Cells by Heptachlor, a Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticide

Toxicology And Applied Pharmacology
June 1991 v109 n1 p. 98

It looks like Heptachlor, a common tobacco pesticide, is a great help in getting cancerous changes going.

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Exposure of Applicators and Residents to Chlordane and Heptachlor When Used for Subterranean Termite Control

Archives Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
April 1992 v22 n3 p. 253

Fortunately for everyone Chlordane is probably not being used much these days on stored tobacco, through it may still be in use in Asia and Africa. Most of the exposure of Americans was in termite treatment of their homes until Chlordane was banned in the 1970s. This article reminds us that the danger zone around Chlordane-treated environments extends to the most remote fringes of the living area - say, wherever the parent's cigarette smoke might reach.

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The Reproductive Effects of Dietary Heptachlor in Mink (Mustela vision)

Archives Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
February 1993 v24 n2 p. 156

When Mink are exposed regularly to even tiny amounts of Heptachlor, their coats get dull and their reproductive activity falls off. They stop exercising and begin snacking, and they don't return phone calls.

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Analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction of c-myc Expression in Human Leukemia Cells Induced to Differentiate by Heptachlor and 12-omicron-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

Pesticide Biochemistry And Physiology
July 1993 v46 n3 p. 219

These chemicals speed up the rate and type of differentiation in human leukemia.

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Effect of Heptachlor on Certain Aspects of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Swiss Albino Mice

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
June 1994 v82 n6

Heptachlor is one of the most potent organochlorines, which is understandable when you consider that Chlordane is its parent compound. This means that where organochlorines are carcinogenic as a class, Heptachlor is an extraordinary systemic predator, attacking carbohydrate metabolism mechanisms as well as DNA in its quest for the perfect induction mechanism.

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Aldrin and Dieldrin Residues in Human Fat, Milk and Blood Serum Collected from Delhi

Human & Experimental Toxicology
January 1992 v11 n1 p. 43

Our human body recognizes Aldrin and Dieldrin as supertoxins and does the only thing it can with them - it stores them. The only place it can store them is in fat cells, since they automatically destroy any other type of human tissue cell. Unfortunately for the women of Delhi, of India, and of much of the world, not too many of poor people are rich in fat cells, so the Aldrin and Dieldrin have to rest in their nerve and muscle cells - with devastating effect.

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The Tumour Promoters Dieldrin And Phenobarbital Increase The Frequency Of C-Ha-Ras Wild-Type, But Not Of C-Ha-Ras Mutated Focal Liver Lesions In Male C3H/He Mice

Carcinogenesis
March 1992 v13 n3 p. 477

There is a subtle difference between tumor-promoters and tumor-initiators. A tumor-initiator is capable of causing a mutation resulting in a tumor all by itself, whereas a tumor-promoter is an able assistant to a tumor-initiator, but cannot cause a tumor by itself.

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The Relevance of Fat Content in Toxicity of Lipophilic Chemicals to Terrestrial Animals with Special Reference to Dieldrin and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety
August 1993 v26 n1 p. 45

Here's another of those research studies which says that if you're going to ingest regular, tiny doses of pesticides like Dieldrin you're better off being overweight, because at least your body will have adequate capacity for handling the supertoxic form produced by your liver as it tries to metabolize the Dieldrin before giving up and sending the stuff to fat storage.

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Effect Of Occupational Exposure To Aldrin On Urinary D-Glucaric Acid, Plasma Dieldrin, And Lymphocyte Sister Chromatic Exchanger

International Archives Of Occupational And Environmental Medicine
1994 v66 n4 p. 229

The overall effect - not too good.

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The Pesticides Ensosulfan, Toxophene, and Dieldrin Have Estrogenic Effects on Human Estrogen-Sensitive Cells

Environmental Health Perspectives: EHP
April 1994 v102 n4 p. 380

And just in case you've missed it, the role of environmental estrogens in human female cancers like breast and ovarian is becoming a very hot topic these days, with a realization of the role played by the cigarette pesticides not too far behind, one hopes.

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Dynamics of Pesticides in Tropical Conditions.1. Kinetic Studies of Volatilization, Hydrolysis, and Photolysis of Dieldrin and alpha- and beta-Endosulfan

Journal Of Agricultural And Food Chemistry
March 1991 v39 n3 p. 575

They persist in nature as they persist in our bodies, and just like in our bodies they do damage even in storage in nature.

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Effects of Dieldrin Treatment on Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of the Toad Embryonic Development

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
April 1991 v46 n4 p. 633

Tadpoles don't do well when "treated" with Dieldrin, nor do human babies in the tadpole stage.

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Long Term Health Effects of Aldrin and Dieldrin

Toxicology Letters
April 1991 supp #3

Let's see .... like, disease, chronic suffering, deformed children, early death? Check.

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Teratogenesis, Toxicity, and Bioconcentration in Frogs Exposed to Dieldrin

Archives Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
September 1991 v21 n3 p. 332

Bioconcentration means that when birds eat lots of tadpoles containing Dieldrin they finally ingest enough to have deformed baby birds, just like when humans smoke cigarettes or cigars containing Dieldrin for a couple of years they are much more likely to have little babies with flippers, tails or other disturbing genetic variations.

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Measuring the Quality of Imported Tobacco

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics
July 1996 v28 n l

What an interesting concept. Let's measure the quality of imported tobacco, including all the stems, stalks, waste, and other categories by which the dregs of the worldwide industry enters the US for processing.

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Effect Of Dietary Antioxidants On Dieldrin-Induced Hepatotoxicity In Mice

Toxicology Letters
January 1995 v75 nl/3 p.177

They help.

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Subchronic Effects of Dieldrin and Phenobarbital on Hepatic DNA Synthesis in Mice and Rats

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology
February 1996 v29 n2 p. 219

DNA synthesis is both interrupted and derailed, producing both breakdowns in process and abnormal outputs.

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Comparative Teratological Studies On TCDD, Endrin And Lindane in C57BL/6J And DBA/2J Mice

Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology
1996 v113 n3 p. 393

It's hard to declare a winner because Endrin and Lindane (BHC) are so close, but I gotta go with the Lindane. Even though Endrin has probably claimed many more human victims as of 1997 in the long run I think BHC will be hard to beat.

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BHC Induced Testicular Impairment in Rats

Indian Journal Of Physiology And Pharmacology
July 1990 v34 n3 p. 215

Yep, here's our old buddy Lindane, or BHC, shrinking testicles in rats and doing other wierd stuff to their sperm count etc. Good thing our rodent buddies don't smoke unless they're forced to by human beings, otherwise they might have tiny balls and babies with crooked eye sockets.

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Genotoxic Potential Of The Organochlorine Insecticide Lindane (Gamma-BHC): An In Vivo Study In Chicks

Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis
October 1992 v272 n2 p.175

Yeah, well, guys' testicles get shrunk by BHC, but it turns out chicks don't do so well around the stuff either. Thing is, you can't tell by looking at them that chicks have been exposed. You gotta wait till they have babies - that's where the idea of genotoxic comes in. Once BHC goes to work on a chick's genes, her DNA, it's all over for her little peepers even years afterwards. Looks like certain chicks oughtta be more careful what they're exposed to - like chicks who smoke. If you're a guy who loves a chick who's getting exposed to BHC by smoking cigarettes or cigars, maybe you should let her know what's happening.

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Evaluation of Daily Dietary Intake of Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and Benzene Hexachloride (BHC) in India

Archives of Environmental Health
January 1994 v49 n1 p.63

They eat a lot of BHC and DDT in India, and in the case of DDT it isn't so bad because the alimentary canal can tolerate DDT. When Indian people smoke cigarettes and get DDT through the lungs, it's a different story, as it is by any route of ingestion of BHC - but that's a lot of different stories.

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Effects Of Lindane (Gamma-BHC) And Related Convulsants On GABA(A) Receptor-Operated Chloride Channels In Frog Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

Brain Research
April 1994 v 643 n1/2 p. 66

In layman's terms, it's damn near impossible for a frog to keep its eyes on a fly after being jammed with even a tiny dose of BHC-Lindane.

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Selective Dieldrin Promotion Of Hepatic Focal Lesions In Mice

Carcinogenesis
June 1996 v17 n6 p. 1243

Dieldrin is selective in where, not if it makes tumors on mice livers.

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p53 Mutations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas from Sudanese Snuff (Toombak) Users

Cancer Detection And Prevention
1996 v20 n4

More footprints of tobacco-related p53 lesions. Do you wonder what Sudanese Toombak has in it by way of pesticide residues? I can't find pesticide use data for Sudan, but elsewhere in Africa the use of pesticides is intense.

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A Prospective Follow-up Study of Cancer Mortality in Relation to Serum DDT

American Journal Of Public Health
January 1989 v79 n1 p. 43

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Total DDT and Dieldrin Content of Human Adipose Tissue

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
December 1988 v 41 n 6 p. 802

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Is DDT Use a Public Health Problem in Mexico?

Environmental Health Perspectives: EHP
June 1996 v 104 n 6 p. 584

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Early Hepatic Changes Induced In Rats By Two Hepatocarcinogenic Organohalogen Pesticides: Bromopropylate And DDT

Carcinogenesis
March 1996 v7 n3 p. 407

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DDT And Testicular Cancer

The Lancet
February 24, 1996 v347 n9000 p. 553

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Persistent DDT Metabolite p,p'-DDE is a Potent Androgen Receptor Antagonist

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
February 1996 v51 n2 p. 111

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Influence Of Dietary Protein On DDT-Induced Immune Responsiveness In Rats

Indian Journal Of Experimental Biology
October 1995 v33 n10

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Pesticides - How Research Has Succeeded and Failed in Informing Policy: DDT and the Link with Breast Cancer

Environmental Health Perspectives: EHP
September 1995 v103 supp: 6 p. 87

A fascinating discussion about the responsibilities of the research community to inform and even persuade policy makers and regulators when there is compelling evidence concerning a specific chemical and a specific disease. Unfortunately researchers haven't yet focused on the relationship between tobacco industry products, pesticides, breast cancer, and the other diseases for which I would argue compelling evidence exists. Although I'm not a research scientist, I've tried to gather as much of this evidence together as possible - and it looks pretty compelling to me. What do you think?

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Concentration of PCBs, HCB, DDT, and HCH Isomers in the Ovaries, Mammary Gland, and Liver of Cows

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology December 1995 v55 n6 p. 865

Bad news for bologna lovers! And, of course, for human females who smoke cigarettes contaminated with DDT and other organochlorines.

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Relationships Between Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Vegetation and Socioeconomic Indices on a Global Scale

Environmental Science & Technology
September 1995 v29 n9 p. 2267

It goes roughly like this - the poorer the people the more chemicals get dumped around and on them, the sicker they are, the more feeble their children who survive are, and the less likely they are to succeed.

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Effect of p,p'-DDT and Estrogen on the Presence in the Circulation and Degranulation of Blood Eosinophil Leukocytes

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
August 1995 v55 n2 p. 309

More clinical evidence of the interaction of organochlorines like DDT and critical human hormones like estrogen.

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Lindane and DDT-Induced Changes in Rat Harderian N-Acetyltransferase Activity, Melatonin Levels, and Porphyrin Concentration

Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
July 1995 v55 nl p. 14

We've all been hearing about the brain chemical melatonin - the one millions of people are popping because it makes you sleep better and be more alert the next day. Well, if you smoke you'ld better keep popping because that DDT and BHC-Lindane in your ciggies is not only giving you cancer and other nasties - it's keeping you awake at night and sleepy during the day.

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Induction of the Hepatic CYP2B and CYP3A Enzymes by the Proestrogenic Pesticide Methoxychlor and by DDT in the Rat

Journal Of Biochemical Toxicology
February 1995 v10 n1 p. 51

Enzymes are induced as the liver tries to deal with the complex biochemistry of compounds like pesticides, and all in all it does a great job. Things get really tough on the liver when not just one, but several dozen complex compounds get thrown at it, like every time a puff of cigarette smoke comes down the pipes laced with anywhere from 10-50 man-made bugkillers, DNA breakers, baby deformers, etc. While the liver can work miracles, it has a hard time working dozens of miracles at a time, so it prioritizes - working on the absolute nastiest first, and storing many of the "less harmful"

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Influence Of Agricultural Practices On The Levels Of DDT And Its Residues In Soil

Environmental Science & Technology
August 1994 v28 n8 p. 1397

This is an interesting 30 year study of a heavily polluted farm which went through a natural process of cleaning out - demonstrates that nature can heal herself, and what she has to go through to do it.

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Re: DDT and Breast Cancer

Journal of the National Cancer Institute: JNCI
July 20 1994 v86 n14 p. 1094

The "Oh, by the way" approach of the title is a clue to the seriousness with which the author regards the link between DDT exposure and breast cancer. It's a shame that the 50 year history of DDT contamination of cigarettes, pipe tobacco, cigars, snuff and chewing tobacco isn't known by the same research community.

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A Comparative Evaluation Of Immunotoxicity Of DDT And Its Metabolites In Rats

Indian Journal Of Experimental Biology
June 1996 v34 n6 p. 517

While DDT is immunotoxic in rats and humans, its metabolites show many of the same activities. Of course in cigarettes we're dealing with combustion byproducts first, then metabolites, so the picture is more complex and the possible outcomes more diverse and no doubt more immunotoxic.

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Estrogenic Activity of p,p'-DDT

Environmental Toxicology And Water Quality
1996 v11 n3 p. 265

The role of environmental estrogens like DDT in causing breast and ovarian cancers is becoming well-known. The fact that women smokers, and their children and friends are being chronically exposed is not becoming well-known, and won't unless you help to spread the information.

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Analysis Of 1,3-Butadiene And Other Selected Gas-Phase Components In Cigarette Mainstream And Sidestream Smoke By Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detection

Carcinogenesis
October 1990, v11 n10, p. 1863

Do these smoke components come from the decomposition of tobacco leaves? I know for sure that they come from the decomposition under conditions of incineration of many of the common pesticide contaminants of cigarettes, because EPA data tells me so. What I can't determine is whether 1,3-Butadiene is also created by burning tobacco leaves.

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Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins And Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) In Mainstream And Sidestream Cigarette Smoke

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
June 1992, v48 n6, p.789

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Do these smoke components come from the decomposition of tobacco leaves? I know for sure that they come from the decomposition under conditions of incineration of many of the common pesticide contaminants of cigarettes, because EPA data tells me so.

The Comparative Clastogenic Activity Of Mainstream Tobacco Smoke From Cigarettes Widely Consumed In Armenia

Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis
April 1994, v321 n1/2, p.89

Isn't it good to know that the health authorities of Armenia are doing this kind of market-level research? It's so rarely clear from U.S. research whether the results are coming from laboratory (Kentucky Reference) cigarettes of commercial cigarettes and - if commercial cigarettes are being used, the brands are never discussed.

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A Comparison Of The Mutagenicity Of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Condensate From A Representative Sample Of The U.S. Cigarette Market With A Kentucky Reference Cigarette

Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis
April 1995, v342 n3/4, p.179

Talk about a first! I've just located this reference (1/13/97) and am tracking it down. Do so yourself, or watch this space!

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Mechanism Of Phosgene-Induced Lung Toxicity: Role Of Arachidonate Mediators

Journal Of Applied Physiology
November 1990, v69 n5, p. 1615

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Effects Of Inhaled Phosgene On Rat Lung Antioxidant Systems

Fundamental & Applied Toxicology
November 1991, v17 n4, p.666

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The Addition Of Phosgene To 2,3-Butadione: A Facile Synthetic Entry Into The 4,5-Dichloro-1,3-Dioxolan-2-One Family

Synthetic Communications
Winter 1993, v23 n6, p. 847

This research paper discusses a new, improved way to produce some extremely dangerous compounds. From a tobacco products hazard point of view, I'm concerned that alpha cellulose fibers containing phosgene residues will release the phosgene under combustion and that it will then have 2,3-Butadione to interact with in the cigarette/cigar smokestream. Any opinions?

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke Is Just As Damaging To DNA As Mainstream Smoke

Environmental Health Persepctives:EHP
October 1994, v102 n10, p.870

Anyone think it might be the pesticides and their combustion byproducts rather than the combusted tobacco leaves, if any, in the original source materials? Has anybody looked? Unfortunately we don't really know if this is reference cigarette tobacco smoke or commercial cigarette smoke the researchers are discussing.

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Species Differences In Brain Acetylcholinesterase Response To Monocrotophos In Vitro

Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety
June 1994, v28 n1, p.91

This research is a good reason why we should all pay more attention to the impact of the ingestion of the cigarette pesticides by combustion/inhalation on humans, and why we should also be looking at gender, ethnicity, and age differences among human beings.

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Human DNA Damage Induced By 1,2,4-Benzenetriol, A Benzene Metabolite

Cancer Research
January 1989, v49 n1, p.164

That benzene molecule first dreamed by Keukele is a wily little rascal, able to evolve and hide away throughout the human body. Maybe that's why it's so hard to get all the benzene out of the alpha-cellulose fibers used to make synthetic and reconstituted tobacco products. Luckily for the industry's profit picture, there's no requirement that they remove the benzene from their products, so it's up to the smoker's body to deal with it, which it does by making metabolites like 1,2,4-Benzenetriol. Clever stuff!

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Suppression Of Multi-Drug Resistance Gene Expression In The Mouse Liver By 1,4-Bis[2(3,5-Dichloropyridyloxy)]Benzene

International Journal of Cancer
August 1995, v58 n4, p.550

Here's a metabolite of benzene which suppresses the expression of drug resistance in the mouse liver, which means that if the mouse is a smoker he/she will be less resistant to multi-drug therapy because of the benzene metabolite? Very interesting - does this mean that exposure to benzene lowers the liver's ability to resist (process) xenobiotics like organochlorine and other pesticides?

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Elevated Levels Of Benzene-Related Compounds In The Urine Of Cigarette Smokers

International Journal of Cancer
October 1994, v59 n2, p. 177

Let's see. Research finds benzene residues in your cigarettes. Research says benzene causes testicular cancer. Research finds benzene in your urine. Any questions, big guy?

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Oxidative DNA Damage And Apoptosis Induced By Benzene Metabolites

Cancer Research
November 1996, v56 n22, p.5172

Yuk!

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Hyperphosphorylation Of P53 Induced By Benzene, Toluene, And Chloroform

Cancer Letters
September 1994, v84 n2, p.117

Here's our old friend p53 again, along with his smokin' buddies who like to visit whenever they're in the neighborhood, Mr. Toluene, Mr. Benzene, and Ms. Chloroform.

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Sequence Of Exposure To Noise And Toluene Can Determine Loss Of Auditory Sensitivity In The Rat

Acta Oto-Laryngologica
January 1990, v109 n1/2, p.34

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The Ototoxic Effect Of Toluene And The Influence Of Noise, Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Or Genotype

Scandinavian Audiology
Summer 1994 v23 supp:39

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Effects Of Occupational Exposure To Organic Solvents And Noise On Hearing

Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
August 1993, v19 n4, p. 245

These researchers found that in a workforce with no exposure about 10% of the workers had hearing loss. When exposed to toluene solvent alone, hearing loss goes to about 20%. When exposed to noise alone, hearing loss goes to about 25%. When exposed to toluene and high noise levels hearing loss goes to nearly 60% of the workers. Cigarettes are made of reconstituted materials containing low but persistent levls of toluene and other solvents like benzene, hexane, and phosgene. So does this mean that cigarette smokers who listen to loud music have a greater chance of hearing loss because of the solvent in their smoke?

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Novel Involvement of a Mitochondrial Steroid Hydroxylase (P450c11) in Xenobiotic Metabolism

Journal of Biological Chemistry
September 1995, v208, p. 208

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DNA Adducts in Cervical Tissue of Smokers and Non-Smokers

Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis
1994, v313, p.277

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Differential Succeptability To Smoking-Induced DNA Damage Among Male & Female Lung Cancer Patients

Cancer Research
1994,v54, p. 5801

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Male Reproductive Health And Environmental Xenoestrogens

Environmental Health Perspectives:EHP,
1996, v104 supp:4, p. 741

Xenobiotic chemicals can enter the human body by eating, drinking, smoking, the use of cosmetics, medicines, and many other routes. The chemical then is distributed, usually by the blood. The main detoxifier is the liver, which deals with the xenobiotics by breaking them down, attaching them to other chemicals so that they can be excreted, or when all else fail, by storing them in fat cells. In women this has implications for breast and ovarian cancer, among other site-specific diseases. In males, the picture is more complex, and is complicated by a number of factors, including race, diet, and testosterone level. The bottom line on pesticides in cigarettes, cigars, chew and dip - they're tough on testicles.

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Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference
Annual Meetings
Topics For Papers, Discussion Groups & Symposia

The themes for this professional organization's annual meetings will give you a pretty clear idea of the scope of their inquiry. As far as I can tell this material isn't available online, and I don't have access to these collections near where I live, and so we'll have to depend on folks with access to universities and colleges with these journals in their library collection to spend a few hours pulling some of these volumes and looking over the contents and letting us know where to look.

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New Techniques For Smoke Chemistry And Physics:

29th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, 1975, Beltsville-College Park, Maryland, 156 pages

Leaf Composition and Physical Properties in Relation to Smoking Quality and Aroma

30th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, 1976, 136 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 2

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Tobacco Smoke: Its Formation And Composition

31st Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference 1977: Greensboro, N.C. 150 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 3

Physical Parameters Which Affect The Composition Of Cigarette Smoke

32nd Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: 1978: Montreal, Quebec
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 4

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Pathological, Entomological, And Physiological Factors Which Influence Tobacco Chemistry

The 33rd Tobacco chemists' Research Conference; 170 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; vol. 5

Chemical, Physical And Production Aspects Of Tobacco And Smoke:

34th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference; 247 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 6

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Tobacco Leaf Chemistry; Its Origin, Understanding And Current Trends

35th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: 1981: Winston-Salem, N.C. 183 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 7

Formation, Analysis, And Composition Of Tobacco Smoke

36th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: 1982: Raleigh, N.C. 182 pages

Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 8

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Design Of Low Tar Cigarettes:

38th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: 1984: Atlanta, Ga. 159 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 10

Highlights Of Current Chemical Research On Tobacco Composition

39th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1985. 208 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 11
Hosted by Canadian Tobacco Manufacturer's Council.

Advances In The Analytical Methodology Of Leaf And Smoke

40th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: 1986: Knoxville, Tenn. 310 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 12

Developing Quality Attributes In Smoking Products

41 st Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference 207 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 13

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Chemical And Sensory Aspects Of Tobacco Flavor

42nd Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, 1988: Lexington, Ky. 226 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 14.

Regulation Of Insect And Pathogen Activity In Tobacco And Tobacco Products

43rd Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference 1989: Richmond, Va. 261 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 15

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The Formation And Evolution Of Cigarette Smoke

44th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference 1990: Winston-Salem, N.C. 335 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 16

Topics Of Current Scientific Interest In Tobacco Research

45th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference 1991: Asheville, N.C., 186 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 17

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Highlights Of Current Research On Tobacco And Tobacco Chemistry

46th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference 1992: Montreal, Quebec, 129 pages
Recent advances in tobacco science; v. 18

Race Differences in the Proportion of Low Birth Weight Attributable to Maternal Cigarette Smoking in a Low income Population

American Journal Of Health Promotion
November 1995 v10 n2, page 105

How much of the difference is due to the effects of the tobacco, and how much is due to the effects of the pesticide contaminants? Are Black and Brown people more vulnerable to tobacco than Whites? We know they are more vulnerable to pesticides. So is it the tobacco, or the pesticides that's affecting Black and Brown babies of smoking mothers? If it's both - how much of the effect is due to each? And, since it's quite difficult to prevent people from smoking, but very feasible to regulate pesticide contaminants, how badly does society want to have healthier Black and Brown babies, and incidentally White babies too, regardless of whether or not Mom smokes?

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A Testing Deadline for Endocrine Disrupters

Environmental Science & Technology
December 1996 v30 n12, page 540

Health professionals and scientists feel an urgency about identifying the roles of these compounds in human health and reproduction.

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Sociodemographic And Clinical Variables Modifying The Smoking Related Risk Of Low Birth Weight

International Journal Of Gynaecology & Obstetrics
October 1995 v51 n1, page 15

The babies of poorer people, who tend to be disproportionately Black and Brown, tend to suffer the effects of maternal smoking more than middle-class people. Of course diet, prenatal care, and environmental pollution play key roles in the differential effects of maternal smoking - but can we gnore the role of pesticides in the tobacco products used by the different economic groups? Interestingly it's the poor people in Third World countries who suffer more effects on adults and children from pesticide exposure than the better-fed, less-exposed middle-class of these countries.

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A Matched Pair Longitudinal Study On The Relationship Between Maternal Smoking And Head Circumference Of Newborns

The Tohoku Journal Of Experimental Medicine
February 1995 v175 n2, page 135

Of course, even if your child has a tiny head it doesn't mean they aren't a perfectly good person, so don't worry too much about this study and if something happens well, that's just the breaks, right?

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Maternal Smoking And Tooth Formation In The Foetus:
Tooth Crown Size In The Permanent Dentition

Early Human Development
December 1994 v40 n1, page 73

That's right Mom - tiny teeth, along with that tiny head and those tiny testicles on your tiny baby. Do you really think all that is being caused by tobacco - especially if you're Black or Brown? Especially when we know, for a fact, that many of the pesticides that are in your cigarette or elegant cigar create precisely these same effects in animals and insects - shrunken reproductive organs, low birth weight, non-viable offspring? Get a grip Mom.

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Modulatory Effect Of Maternal Serum On Xenobiotic Metabolizing Activity Of Placental Explants: Modification By Cigarette Smoking

Human Reproduction
June 1994 v9 n6, page 1017

Mom's immune system can't protect the fetus as well when it's been compromised by cigarette smoking. What isn't discussed is WHY cigarette smoking has this effect. We do know that many of the pesticides in cigarettes have been specifically designed to have an impact on insect reproduction - do you suppose they might be affecting the smoking mothers too? Especially when they are being partially incinerated and dry-distilled in combination with each other and inhaled rather than eaten or absorbed through the skin.

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Cigarette Smoking, Birthweight, Thiocyanate And Fluorescent Lipid Peroxidation Products In Maternal And Cord Plasma

Clinica Chimica Acta
June 16 1993 v215 n2, page 221

The connection between gas phase components, fat storage mechanisms, and reproductive system problems is understood. What still seems to escape researchers is the role of pesticide contaminants in creating the effects they are studying. It's as if astronomers were using the Hubble Telescope to investigate distant galaxies while adhering to a core scientific doctrine that the moon is made of green cheese. How can science possibly study the effects of cigarette smoking without accounting for pesticide residues. Either they are using a Kentucky Reference cigarette, with limited if any pesticide contamination and no reconstituted or synthetic components, in which case their study doesn't replicate the experience of real cigarette smokers, or they're using commercial cigarettes but are unaware of the presence of contaminants that are undoubtedly skewing the findings. Which is it?

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TCDD, Endrin And Lindane Induced Oxidative Stress In Fetal Ad Placental Tissues On C57BL/6J And DBA/2J Mice

Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology
1996 v115 n1, page 11

Let's understand something - many of these pesticides are designed to cross biological barriers put in place by insect reproductive systems - so what's the surprise that these compounds cross the human placental barriers with apparent ease? The only surprise would seem to be that the connection between pesticides and tobacco products hasn't been made yet by those studying EITHER the effects of smoking or the effects of pesticides.

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Maternal Cigarette Smoking as a Risk Factor for Placental Abruption, Placenta Previa, and Uterine Bleeding in Pregnancy

American Journal Of Epidemiology
November 1996 v144 n 9, page 881

If a pesticide can abort baby bugs it can sure as hell abort baby humans. Or, do you think it's the tobacco doing this?

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Influence of Organochlorine Pesticides on Development Of Mouse Embryos In Vitro

Reproductive Toxicology
July 1996 v10 n4, page 321

It doesn't take high doses of organochlorines to produce some dramatic effects in mice - but then, as the tobacco guys like to point out, "Man is not a rodent". Funny though - it doesn't take high doses of organochlorines, including a number found in cigarettes and cigars, to produce some pretty dramatic effects in human embryos either. The other thing about the OCs is that you can inhale them today and some of them will go straight to deep fat in your body, waiting till you try to have a baby. Then they'll be right there, at the placental wall, in their own strange universe almost sensing the rapidly dividing human cells inside.

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Maternal Pesticide Exposure and Pregnancy Outcome

Journal Of Occupational And Environmental Medicine
August 1995 v37 n8, page 935

There shouldn't be any surprises here, and there aren't. The only problem is that exposure by smoking was never considered or measured. However, when pregnant women are exposed to pesticides, depending on the exposure and the agent, the outcomes for their baby can be disastrous. The mode of cigarette pesticide exposure is much different than what is normally studied, but if one accounts for the "chronic sublethal exposure" in a mixed, dry-distilled environment, then analogies to environmental pesticide exposure studies are possible and, I believe, valid.

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Transplacental Transfer Of Environmental Genotoxins: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Albumin In Non Smoking Women, And The Effect Of Maternal GSTM1 Genotype

Carcinogenesis
June 1995 vl6 n6, page1305

Environmental genotoxins, such as some of the pesticide residues in tobacco products and therefore in second-hand smoke, and able to cross the placental barrier of non-smoking women. A genotoxin is a compound that attacks human genetic materials. Let's keep in mind that these genotoxins also affect Black and Brown women and their babies more than White women and their babies - so second hand smoke would seem to have a racial bias due to its pesticide contaminants.

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Racial Differences in the Association between Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Lung Function In Children

American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care
1995 v 152 n 2, page 565

It's that non-viable offspring thing at work. Once the intended role of cigarette pesticides is clearly understood - to kill bugs in every way possible, including making their babies "non-viable" - then we shouldn't really be surprised that human babies are made non-viable in some imaginative ways by these same chemicals, and that this happens differently with Black and Brown people than with Whites.

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Maternal Smoking And Body Composition Of The Newborn

Acta Paediatrica
February 1996 v85 n2, page 213

It's no surprise that maternal smoking affects the baby down to its tissues and hormones - the surprise seems to be that most or all of these effects may very well be preventable.

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Human Placental Xenobiotic and Steroid Biotransformations Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450, Epoxide Hydrolase, and Glutathione S Transferase Activities and Their Relationships to Maternal Cigarette Smoking

Drug Metabolism Reviews
1989 v21 n3, page 427

The bottom line is that hormonal and metabolic activities at all levels are negatively affected by cigarette smoking, but the role of pesticide contaminants are not accounted for in most research - although there are strong indications that the tobacco products industry and their allies in the chemical industry have long carried out secret research into just such matters. ( See the /galen.html section of the Smoke & Illusion site)

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Maternal Smoking And Feto-Infant Mortality: Biological Pathways And Public Health Significance

Acta Paediatrica
December 1996 v 85 n 12, page 1400

The biological pathways that lead to the deaths of thousands of babies are described in detail, and their association with smoking is also confirmed. What's missing is - you guessed it. A full discussion of the biological pathways traversed by cigarette pesticides.

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Cryptorchidism and maternal estrogen exposure

American Journal of Epidemiology
1984, 120(5), pp. 707-16

While the research talks about a range of estrogens I include it because of the relevance for exposure to pesticides and the estrogenic activity associated with such exposure.

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Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism

Pediatrics
1993, 92:44-49

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Decline in sperm counts: an artifact of changed reference range of normal

British Medical Journal
1994, 309:19-22.

There's been a raging debate over whether sperm count studies are valid or not - raging since if they are anywhere near right there has been a steady decline over the past 50 years in number and quality of the average guy's sperm. Odd, isn't it, that heavy use of pesticides on tobacco crops began almost exactly 50 years ago.

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Mortality of workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls

Journal of Agriculture & Food Chemistry

1987, 18:1108-1112.

They don't do well. Of course, cigarette smokers are exposed to only tiny, tiny amounts compared to these victims of industrial exposure. Of course, pack-a-day cigarette smokers take 50,000 puffs a year.

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Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past fifty years

British Medical Journal
1992, 305:609-13.

Here we go again - worrying about marginal issues.

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Assessment of the reproductive and developmental toxicity of pesticide/fertilizer mixtures based on confirmed pesticide contamination in California and Iowa groundwater

Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology
1994, 22:605-21.

It seems clear that when our water is contaminated with certain pesticides, even in small amounts, because we drink water so regularly there are some long-term effects on human reproduction and fetal/child development. Makes sense then, doesn't it, that exposure to even more of these kinds of pesticides in cigarettes, in small amounts over a long term, and inhaled by the mother rather than swallowed, might have some effects on children?

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Chemically Induced Alterations in Sexual Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection

1992, Princeton Scientific Publications

Can we learn anything from the birds and the bees? Like, what's killing their babies and destroying their genetic materials, and is it doing the same thing to us? What do you think?

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Developmental effects of endocrine- disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans

Environmental Health Perspectives
1993, 101:378-84

While this research doesn't include any examination of exposure through cigarette and tobacco product use, the data on other kinds of exposure sure ought to make smokers and non-smokers ask some questions of this secretive industry.

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The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women

New England Journal of Medicine
1995, 332(24):1589-93, and commentary at 1638-39.

Not a discussion of cigarette smoking, but interestingly enough it is seen as a risk factor although the role of the pesticide conmtamination and the interaction with administered estrogens and progestins is not considered.

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Male reproductive health and environmental chemicals with estrogenic effects

Danish EPA, 1995, Miljø projekt number 290

Just one more reason why the Marlboro Man has to sit a little gingerly in the saddle.

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Fish consumption and reproductive outcomes in Green Bay, Wisconsin

Environmental Research 1992
59:189-201.

Hey - you smoke fish, don't you? Well, if you did ( wretched thought) and if they were from the Great Lakes they would be contaminated with pesticide residues, so smoking a fish would be as unhealthy as smoking - that cigarette.

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Do hormonally active chemicals in the environment pose a significant risk for adverse reproductive effects and cancer?

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
1995, 1(2):3-42

Well, we think so, but we can't be absolutely sure. On the other hand, this study doesn't study the effects of hormonally active chemicals in cigarettes - like the organochlorine pesticides.

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The Endocrine Society, 1995
Fact Sheets on endometriosis and prostate cancer

Check out this great site for those who want a balanced, thorough, and considered voice in the pesticides & human health research and debate <www.endocrine.org>

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Interim report on data and methods for assessment of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin risks to aquatic life and associated wildlife

U.S. EPA
1993, EPA/600/R- 093/055

A very good reference work - lots of links to the science.

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(External review draft of)
Health assessment document for 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds

U.S. EPA
Vol. III 1994, EPA/600/BP- 92/001

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Aetiology of Testicular Cancer: Association with congenital abnormalities, age at puberty, infertility, and exercise

British Medical Journal
1994, 308(6941): 1393- 99

Mentions smoking as a risk factor, and mentions pesticides - but not together.

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Deformities of birds in the Great Lakes region: Assigning causality

Environmental Science & Technology
1994, 28:128A-135A

I suppose that God makes a certain number of deformed birds and other creatures. But this many? I think not. Neither do the authors of this study. It's the pesticides - and these birds didn't even smoke!

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Effects of perinatal polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene on later development

Journal of Pediatrics
1991, 119:58-63

Not good. So be sure to hold that cigarette away from the baby.

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Introduction to 1994 re-publication of Rachel Carson's 1962 Silent Spring

Houghton Mifflin, New York

An impassioned introduction - much better than his Macarena. Since the Veep is from a tobacco family in a tobacco state, and has suffered at the hands of the tobacco products industry, you'ld think he would have browsed this site by now, don't you? He's been invited, but so far hasn't appeared in my logs unless he surfs in a cloaked mode. I don't know VP Gore, so if you do, please give him a call and extend my invitation.

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Endocrine disrupting environmental contaminants and developmental abnormalities in embryos

Human & Ecological Risk Assessment
1995,1(2):25-36

These chemical compounds appear to have serious impact on embryos, but the fact that smoking and non-smoking mothers are exposed through tobacco products isn't being considered. If if were, what do you think the results might be?

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Organochlorines in the environment and breast cancer

British Medical Journal
1994, 308:1520-21.

While we don't know for absolute, certain sure that organochlorines cause breast cancer, these studies generally approach the problem through examining single-chemical exposure, and under conditions very different from those created by partial combustion + dry distillation in a multiple-chemical environment.

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Effect of in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and related contaminants on cognitive functioning in young children

Journal of Pediatrics
1990, 116:38-45, and previous relating to the same subject

Kids exposed to these chemicals in the womb can't all be called stupid, but I think we wouldn't be far off if we called them impaired. Of course, the combustion byproducts of cigarette contaminants and their impact on children of smoking mothers wasn't the focus of this study - but the findings make interesting reading when you consider that smoking mothers expose their children to just these compounds.

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The persistent DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist

Nature
1995, 375:581-85

Good old DDT - one of the first, and still going strong. We just keep finding more and more pathways by which DDT and its metabolites do damage.

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Occupation- and exposure-related studies on human sperm

Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
1995, 37:922-30 (1995)

We're not talking guys who smoke, we're talking guys who work with chemicals. Of course, guys who smoke are exposed to the same chemicals, and many more, but we're not talking about them, or their testicles and sperm.

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Subtle effects: devastating consequences

SETAC [Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry] News
May1995, 30-31

Good point.

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Fertility on the brink: The legacy of the chemical age

National Wildlife Federation, 1995

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Human reproduction after eating PCB contaminated fish

Health & Environment Digest
1991, 5:4-6

After Moms and Dads eat fish contaminated with PCBs they have fewer kids and fewer healthy kids. Let's hope they aren't smoking those fish, because inhaled PCBs are even worse than swallowed PCBs.

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The gender benders

Science News
1994, 145:24-27

This is a pretty dramatic, popularized article and I'm sure some scientists would feel that the author exaggerates. I can personally attest that it's hard not to get worked up over this kind of stuff.

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Environmental and dietary estrogens and human health: Is there a problem?

Environmental Health Perspectives
1995, 103(4)

Evidently so.

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Do environmental estrogens play a role in development of breast cancer in women and male reproductive problems?

Human & Ecological Risk Assessment
1995, 1(2)

Looks like.

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Estrogen: Key player in heart disease among women

Science
Aug. 1995 269:769, 766-77

And all those pesticides in those seegars and ciggies don't help matters much - I wonder when estrogen investigators who include smoking variables in their demographics are going to examine this link?

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Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?

Lancet
1993, 341:1392-95

It would appear so. Now all we have to do is account for how they get there. Smoke, anyone?

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DDT component is suspect in apparent rise of male reproductive abnormalities

The Washington Post
June 15, 1995, A24

OK - we're getting close fellows. Now let's talk about DDT in your readers' chewing tobacco, snuff, pipe, cigar or cigarette.

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